), 108.76 (2016 est. . Unanimous consent was needed for amendment, which made reforms almost impossible. Twenty states further divide their counties into civil townships. The onrush of technology has been a driving factor in the gradual development of a "two-tier" labor market in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. ), conventional long form: United States of Americaconventional short form: United Statesabbreviation: US or USAetymology: the name America is derived from that of Amerigo VESPUCCI (1454-1512) - Italian explorer, navigator, and cartographer - using the Latin form of his name, Americus, feminized to America, name: Washington, DCgeographic coordinates: 38 53 N, 77 02 Wtime difference: UTC-5 (during Standard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in Novembertime zone note: the 50 United States cover six time zonesetymology: named after George WASHINGTON (1732-1799), the first president of the United States, 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Islandnote: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political entities: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994), 4 July 1776 (declared independence from Great Britain); 3 September 1783 (recognized by Great Britain), history: previous 1781 (Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union); latest drafted July - September 1787, submitted to the Congress of the Confederation 20 September 1787, submitted for states' ratification 28 September 1787, ratification completed by nine of the 13 states 21 June 1788, effective 4 March 1789amendments: proposed as a "joint resolution" by Congress, which requires a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a constitutional convention called for by at least two thirds of the state legislatures; passage requires ratification by three fourths of the state legislatures or passage in state-held constitutional conventions as specified by Congress; the US president has no role in the constitutional amendment process; amended many times, last in 1992, common law system based on English common law at the federal level; state legal systems based on common law, except Louisiana, where state law is based on Napoleonic civil code; judicial review of legislative acts, withdrew acceptance of compulsory ICJ jurisdiction in 2005; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2002, citizenship by birth: yescitizenship by descent only: yesdual citizenship recognized: no, but the US government acknowledges such situtations exist; US citizens are not encouraged to seek dual citizenship since it limits protection by the USresidency requirement for naturalization: 5 years, chief of state: President Joseph R. BIDEN, Jr. (since 20 January 2021); Vice President Kamala D. HARRIS (since 20 January 2021); note - the president is both chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Joseph R. BIDEN, Jr. (since 20 January 2021); Vice President Kamala D. HARRIS (since 20 January 2021)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, approved by the Senateelections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by the Electoral College of 'electors' chosen from each state; president and vice president serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held on 5 November 2024)election results: 2020: Joseph R. BIDEN, Jr. elected president; electoral vote - Joseph R. BIDEN, Jr. (Democratic Party) 306, Donald J. TRUMP (Republican Party) 232; percent of direct popular vote - Joseph R. BIDEN Jr. 51.3%, Donald J. TRUMP 46.9%, other 1.8%2016: Donald J. TRUMP elected president; electoral vote - Donald J. TRUMP (Republican Party) 304, Hillary D. CLINTON (Democratic Party) 227, other 7; percent of direct popular vote - Hillary D. CLINTON 48.2%, Donald J. TRUMP 46.1%, other 5.7%, description: bicameral Congress consists of:Senate (100 seats; 2 members directly elected in each of the 50 state constituencies by simple majority vote except in Georgia and Louisiana which require an absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 6-year terms with one-third of membership renewed every 2 years)House of Representatives (435 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote except in Georgia which requires an absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 2-year terms)elections: Senate - last held on 8 November 2022 (next to be held on 3 November 2024)House of Representatives - last held on 8 November 2022 (next to be held on 3 November 2024)election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Democratic Party 51, Republican Party 49; composition - men 75, women 25, percent of women 25% House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 222, Democratic Party 213; composition - men 307, women 128, percent of women 29.4%; note - total US Congress percent of women 28.6%note: in addition to the regular members of the House of Representatives there are 6 non-voting delegates elected from the District of Columbia and the US territories of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands; these are single seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term (except for the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico who serves a 4-year term); the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a full floor House vote; election of delegates last held on 8 November 2022 (next to be held on 3 November 2024), highest court(s): US Supreme Court (consists of 9 justices - the chief justice and 8 associate justices)judge selection and term of office: president nominates and, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints Supreme Court justices; justices serve for lifesubordinate courts: Courts of Appeal (includes the US Court of Appeal for the Federal District and 12 regional appeals courts); 94 federal district courts in 50 states and territoriesnote: the US court system consists of the federal court system and the state court systems; although each court system is responsible for hearing certain types of cases, neither is completely independent of the other, and the systems often interact, Democratic Party [Jaime HARRISON]Green Party [collective leadership]Libertarian Party [Angela McARDLE]Republican Party [Ronna Romney MCDANIEL], ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), ANZUS, APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CICA (observer), CP, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Quad, SAARC (observer), SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNRWA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC, 13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and friendship, red symbolizes courage, zeal, and fervency, while white denotes purity and rectitude of conduct; commonly referred to by its nickname of Old Glorynote: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico, bald eagle; national colors: red, white, blue, name: "The Star-Spangled Banner"lyrics/music: Francis Scott KEY/John Stafford SMITHnote: adopted 1931; during the War of 1812, after witnessing the successful American defense of Fort McHenry in Baltimore following British naval bombardment, Francis Scott KEY wrote the lyrics to what would become the national anthem; the lyrics were set to the tune of "The Anacreontic Song"; only the first verse is sung, total World Heritage Sites: 24 (11 cultural, 12 natural, 1 mixed); note - includes one site in Puerto Ricoselected World Heritage Site locales: Yellowstone National Park (n); Grand Canyon National Park (n); Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (c); Independence Hall (c); Statue of Liberty (c); Yosemite National Park (n); Papahnaumokukea (m); Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point (c); The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright (c); Mesa Verde National Park (c); Mammoth Cave National Park (n); Monticello (c); Olympic National Park (n). )-$445.955 billion (2019 est. He earned his medical degree from Kasturba Medical . )beer: 3.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The powers, roles, and limitations of the three branches are highlighted in the US constitution. What has become clear is that not all localities face the same trade-offs. Over the two centuries since the United States was formed, many disputes have arisen over the limits on the powers of the federal government. In 2010 and 2011, the federal budget deficit reached nearly 9% of GDP. )services: 80% (2017 est. Article III section I of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United States Congress to establish inferior courts as their need shall arise. The terms "Government of the United States of America" or "United States Government" are often used in official documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. When citizens looked to the federal government to provide economic security during the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration responded by implementing the New Deal. The Philippines is a unitary state with the President as both the head of state and the head of government. The three branches of the government are as discussed below. Air conditioners use about 6% of all the electricity produced in the United States, at an annual cost of about $29 billion to homeowners. In terms of their governance approach, the Taliban Constitution (1998) proposed an extremely centralized, Islamic system, headed by an "Amir-ul-Momineen" or leader of the faithful (supreme. )refined petroleum consumption: 20,542,900 bbl/day (2019 est. Each state is allocated two senators regardless of its population. Georgia and the US Constitution Just ten years after the Articles of Confederation was drawn up in 1777, representatives met in Philadelphia to write a new Constitution. An official website of the United States government. On the one hand, centralization is viewed as a danger to personal freedom; on the other hand, decentralization is viewed as fragmented an inefficient. ), 6.2275 (2015 est. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II gave rise to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which was officially established in 1947. This branch does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Supreme Courts of each state are by this doctrine the final authority on the interpretation of the applicable state's laws and Constitution. ), forest revenues: 0.04% of GDP (2018 est. The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions for damages and other redress, and to criminal cases arising under federal law. The government of the Philippines is made up of three interdependent branches which are the legislative, the executive, and the judicial system. note: data are in current year dollars, Canada 17%, Mexico 16%, China 7%, Japan 5% (2019), refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, aircraft (2019), $3.402 trillion (2021 est.) William P. Marshall & Saikrishna B. Prakash, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Article One of the United States Constitution, Article Two of the United States Constitution, List of United States federal executive orders, Powers of the president of the United States, take care that the laws be faithfully executed, grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, United States federal executive departments, List of federal agencies in the United States, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States Agency for International Development, Article Three of the United States Constitution, Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, doctrine of adequate and independent State grounds, Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union, Copyright status of work by the U.S. government, Judge Rules Favorably in Pennsylvania BRAC Suit (Associated Press, August 26), Article II, Constitution of the United States of America, "Article 2, Section I, Clause 8: Oath of Office", Article II, Section 3: Common Interpretation, "Executive Order, Proclamation, or Executive Memorandum? Find government information on getting and funding an education in the U.S. Government Agencies and Elected Officials Find information for federal, state, and local government agencies and elected officials. [26] If the president neither signs nor vetoes a bill "within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him" it becomes a law without the president's signature, "unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return in which Case it shall not be a Law" (called a pocket veto). Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan required major shifts in national resources from civilian to military purposes and contributed to the growth of the budget deficit and public debt. The .gov means it's official. To help stabilize financial markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program in October 2008. There is one delegate each from the District of Columbia, Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the resident commissioner from Puerto Rico.[5]. The specific governmental powers of counties vary widely between the states, with those in Connecticut, Rhode Island, and some parts of Alaska and Massachusetts having little or no power, existing only as geographic distinctions. )consumption: 441.968 million metric tons (2020 est. Since the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, members of both houses of Congress have been directly elected. Air Force Research Institute (AFRI) papers and Air Uni-versity Monographs are occasional studies written by Air Force researchers at large and military defense ana- Through FY 2018, the direct costs of the wars will have totaled more than $1.9 trillion, according to US Government figures. )exports: 63.276 million metric tons (2020 est. )geothermal: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est. ), 18.937 million New York-Newark, 12.534 million Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, 8.937 million Chicago, 6.707 million Houston, 6.574 million Dallas-Fort Worth, 5.490 million WASHINGTON, D.C. (capital) (2023), at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female NA0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government)[a] is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a federal district (the city of Washington in the District of Columbia, where most of the federal government is based), five major self-governing territories and several island possessions. North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico, total: 9,833,517 sq kmland: 9,147,593 sq kmwater: 685,924 sq kmnote: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia, no overseas territories, about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); slightly larger than China; more than twice the size of the European Union, total: 12,002 kmborder countries (2): Canada 8,891 km (including 2,475 km with Alaska); Mexico 3,111 kmnote: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is leased by the US and is part of Cuba; the base boundary is 28.5 km, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountainsnote: many consider Denali, the highest peak in the US, to be the worlds coldest mountain because of its combination of high elevation and its subarctic location at 63 degrees north latitude; permanent snow and ice cover over 75 percent of the mountain, and enormous glaciers, up to 45 miles long and 3,700 feet thick, spider out from its base in every direction; it is home to some of the worlds coldest and most violent weather, where winds of over 150 miles per hour and temperatures of -93F have been recorded. Long-term problems for the US include stagnation of wages for lower-income families, inadequate investment in deteriorating infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, energy shortages, and sizable current account and budget deficits. Enumerated in Article I, Section 8, these include the powers to levy and collect taxes; to coin money and regulate its value; provide for punishment for counterfeiting; establish post offices and roads, issue patents, create federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court, combat piracies and felonies, declare war, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a navy, make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces, provide for, arm and discipline the militia, exercise exclusive legislation in the District of Columbia, regulate interstate commerce, and to make laws necessary to properly execute powers. A centralized government (also united government) is one in which both executive and legislative power is concentrated centrally at the higher level as opposed to it being more distributed at various lower level governments. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population. The Executive ); an estimated 18.7% of the total US population is Hispanic as of 2020, English only 78.2%, Spanish 13.4%, Chinese 1.1%, other 7.3% (2017 est. One of the theoretical pillars of the U.S. Constitution is the idea of "checks and balances" among the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of American government: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve. A United States central bank digital currency (CBDC) would be a digital form of the U.S.. The Articles of Confederation allowed for each of the 13 states to exist as independent, sovereign entities. ), fresh water lake(s): Michigan 57,750 sq km; Superior* 53,348 sq km; Huron* 23,597 sq km; Erie* 12,890 sq km; Ontario* 9,220 sq km; Lake of the Woods 4,350 sq km; Iliamna 2,590 sq km; Okeechobee 1,810 sq km; Belcharof 1,190 sq km; Red 1,170 sq km; Saint Clair 1,113 sq km; Champlain 1,100 sq kmnote - Great Lakes* area shown as US waterssalt water lake(s): Great Salt 4,360 sq km; Pontchartrain 1,620 sq km; Selawik 1,400 sq km; Salton Sea 950 sq km, Missouri - 3,768 km; Mississippi - 3,544 km; Yukon river mouth (shared with Canada [s]) - 3,190 km; Saint Lawrence (shared with Canada) - 3,058 km; Rio Grande river source ( mouth shared with Mexico) - 3,057 km; Colorado river source (shared with Mexico [m]) - 2,333 km; Arkansas - 2,348 km; Columbia river mouth (shared with Canada [s]) - 2,250 km; Red - 2,188 km; Ohio - 2,102 km; Snake - 1,670 kmnote [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth, Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Mississippi* (3,202,185 sq km); Rio Grande (607,965 sq km); (Gulf of Saint Lawrence) Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km total, US only 505,000 sq km)Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, US only 23,820 sq km); Colorado (703,148 sq km); Columbia* (657,501 sq km, US only 554,501 sq km)note - watersheds shared with Canada shown with *, Northern Great Plains Aquifer, Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System, Californian Central Valley Aquifer System, Ogallala Aquifer (High Plains), Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer, large urban clusters are spread throughout the eastern half of the US (particularly the Great Lakes area, northeast, east, and southeast) and the western tier states; mountainous areas, principally the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian chain, deserts in the southwest, the dense boreal forests in the extreme north, and the central prarie states are less densely populated; Alaska's population is concentrated along its southern coast - with particular emphasis on the city of Anchorage - and Hawaii's is centered on the island of Oahu, tsunamis; volcanoes; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development, volcanism: volcanic activity in the Hawaiian Islands, Western Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, and in the Northern Mariana Islands; both Mauna Loa (4,170 m) in Hawaii and Mount Rainier (4,392 m) in Washington have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Pavlof (2,519 m) is the most active volcano in Alaska's Aleutian Arc and poses a significant threat to air travel since the area constitutes a major flight path between North America and East Asia; St. Helens (2,549 m), famous for the devastating 1980 eruption, remains active today; numerous other historically active volcanoes exist, mostly concentrated in the Aleutian arc and Hawaii; they include: in Alaska: Aniakchak, Augustine, Chiginagak, Fourpeaked, Iliamna, Katmai, Kupreanof, Martin, Novarupta, Redoubt, Spurr, Wrangell, Trident, Ugashik-Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, Veniaminof; in Hawaii: Haleakala, Kilauea, Loihi; in the Northern Mariana Islands: Anatahan; and in the Pacific Northwest: Mount Baker, Mount Hood; see note 2 under "Geography - note", note 1: world's third-largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and by population (after China and India); Denali (Mt. 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