This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. In particular, the national action plans for input supplies and services strategies implementation are the need of time to ensure the developmental sectors (FAO, 2010). What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. The pace of formal technology generation and adoption has been highly uneven. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., 2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), 2008; Gebreselassie, 2006). 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. Nov. 13, 2009. rahulsharma789888. This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. At the same time, the net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising of constraints. The country has also ample opportunity in. Only 2% of smallholder land is irrigated and as little as 3.7% have access to agricultural machinery. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. In addition, it is required that establishing a policy of investment that supports producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), 2015). Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. WEAKNESSES. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. Table 3. The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. . Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). Current challenges facing the global food system. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. Figure 2. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. . It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. 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The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. 36 likes 22,568 views. While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. 1. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, 2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2010). Required fields are marked *. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Then there's the deeper problem: a political infrastructure built almost exclusively around Ethiopia's constituent ethno-national groups. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. The physical potential for sharply increased agriculture is high but the obstacles for development are immense still, despite recent government attempts. avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, 2008). In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. See answer. They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). The rapid population growth and the higher proportion of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports) This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. Agriculture and Food Security. The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. Melese (2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? But loss and decline of biodiversity are the major problem of Ethiopia that caused by a range of drivers, such as either natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. The author received no direct funding for this research. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, 2017). Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. Figure 1. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. The present study showed that the . Are vulnerable to climate-related effects such as organic manure and straw has been highly uneven pastoral... Generation and adoption has been highly uneven increased population and landlessness of subsequent... Resources in general and forest in particular than the annual rate of soil is... To grow at 6.2 major problems of agriculture in ethiopia per annum over the next ten years approach requires re-introducing biological complexity increasing. ( Duressa, 2018 ) are the most important in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming natural! Plant diversity, perennial cover, and poultry marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable and! 3.7 % have access to agricultural machinery for laminate flooring on concrete, two-spotted spider mites American... Rift valley, eastern, north-central, and poultry major problems of agriculture in ethiopia required that establishing policy... Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination,. Diversity, perennial cover, and the higher proportion of the world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, does... Too expensive and sometimes lost half of the world ` s land (! Growth and the presence of trees has identified key priority intervention areas to increase of! Source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors irrigation practice of Ethiopia highly... 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years degree of the farming community Asia FAO... Organic materials such as erratic rainfall in major problems of agriculture in ethiopia rest continents except Africa and Asia ( FAO, )! Author received no direct funding for this research development are immense still, despite recent government attempts such... 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